Combining testosterone propionate, testosterone phenylpropionate, testosterone isocaproate, and testosterone decanoate allowed manufacturers to offer both quick and sustained hormone delivery. This concept, originating in mid-20th century Europe, led to well-known blends tailored for consistent testosterone levels with infrequent dosing. These esters differ in half-life but act synergistically. Such mixtures supported long-term androgen therapy, marking a pivotal shift in injectable steroid pharmacology.
Llewellyn, W. (2017). William Llewellyn's Anabolics.
United States: Molecular Nutrition, LLC.
DrugBank (n.d.) 'Testosterone isocaproate', DrugBank Online.
Turza, A., Pascuta, P., Mare, L., Borodi, G., & Popescu, V. (2023) 'Structural Insights and Intermolecular Energy for Some Medium and Long-Chain Testosterone Esters', Molecules.
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) (n.d.). Testosterone isocaproate. British Pharmacological Society (BPS).
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Llewellyn, W. (2017). William Llewellyn's Anabolics.
United States: Molecular Nutrition, LLC.
Turza, A., Pascuta, P., Mare, L., Borodi, G., & Popescu, V. (2023) 'Structural Insights and Intermolecular Energy for Some Medium and Long-Chain Testosterone Esters', Molecules.
Llewellyn, W. (2017). William Llewellyn's Anabolics.
United States: Molecular Nutrition, LLC.