The combination of testosterone propionate, testosterone phenylpropionate, testosterone isocaproate, and testosterone decanoate originated from efforts to mimic natural testosterone release while improving patient compliance. First appearing in European medical practice, these multi-ester blends balanced short-acting and long-acting components. The inclusion of testosterone decanoate and isocaproate extended duration, while propionate provided initial surge. This formulation strategy became a standard in clinical androgen treatment.
Llewellyn, W. (2017). William Llewellyn's Anabolics.
United States: Molecular Nutrition, LLC.
DrugBank (n.d.) 'Testosterone isocaproate', DrugBank Online.
Turza, A., Pascuta, P., Mare, L., Borodi, G., & Popescu, V. (2023) 'Structural Insights and Intermolecular Energy for Some Medium and Long-Chain Testosterone Esters', Molecules.
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) (n.d.). Testosterone isocaproate. British Pharmacological Society (BPS).
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Llewellyn, W. (2017). William Llewellyn's Anabolics.
United States: Molecular Nutrition, LLC.
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) (n.d.). Testosterone isocaproate. British Pharmacological Society (BPS).
Llewellyn, W. (2017). William Llewellyn's Anabolics.
United States: Molecular Nutrition, LLC.