Ketotifen

Ketotifen, a mast cell stabilizer and H1 receptor antagonist, has shown potential as an anti-fibrotic agent by directly targeting fibroblasts, the key cells driving fibrosis. In studies involving human dermal fibroblasts, ketotifen reduced the effects of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1), including α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression and cytoskeletal proteins linked to fibrosis. It also inhibited fibroblast contractility and mechano-transduction pathways such as Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), disrupting the processes responsible for excessive extracellular matrix deposition.

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