Anabolic steroids are prescription pharmacy drugs that mimic testosterone, used to increase muscle mass and improve athletic performance. Inappropriate drug use can lead to serious side effects like heart problems, liver failure and infertility. AAS are addictive, causing withdrawal symptoms like depression and fatigue. Use without professional knowledge can affect mental health, causing aggression and mood swings.
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (also know as a SARMs) are compounds designed to improve muscle and bone health, without affecting the prostate and cardiovascular outcomes. Emerging SARMs, both steroidal and nonsteroidal offer tissue selective activation of androgen signaling, promoting muscle and bone growth. They are considered promising therapies for aging, chronic diseases and osteoporosis, aiming to enhance physical function and reduce disability. The challenge remains achieving selectivity, as SARM's must activate muscle growth pathways without triggering adverse prostate effects.
Peptides are short chains of amino acids that serve most important roles in the body (like insulin) which helps regulate blood sugar. Peptides may offer benefits such as anti-aging effects, muscle growth, fat loss and improved skin. Peptide therapy, using synthetic peptides, can enhance body function and some peptides even stimulate testosterone production.
Human growth hormone (abbreviation hGH) is a naturally occurring hormone vital for growth and metabolism. Recombinant hGH (rhGH), developed in the late 1980s, is used for treating hGH deficiency and has anabolic effects, making it misused in sports for performance enhancement. HGH increases lean body mass, decreases fat and impacts metabolism. However, detecting misuse is challenging due to its short half-life and the complexities in distinguishing exercise-induced increases from doping. The most reliable detection method is direct immunoassays, despite a narrow detection window.
Choudhary, M. I., Siddiqui, M., Yousuf, S., (2017). Bio-catalytic structural transformation of anti-cancer steroid, drostanolone enanthate with Cephalosporium aphidicola and Fusarium lini, and cytotoxic potential evaluation of its metabolites against certain cancer cell lines. Frontiers in Pharmacology.
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Choudhary, M. I., Siddiqui, M., Yousuf, S., (2017). Bio-catalytic structural transformation of anti-cancer steroid, drostanolone enanthate with Cephalosporium aphidicola and Fusarium lini, and cytotoxic potential evaluation of its metabolites against certain cancer cell lines. Frontiers in Pharmacology.
Choudhary, M. I., Siddiqui, M., Yousuf, S., (2017). Bio-catalytic structural transformation of anti-cancer steroid, drostanolone enanthate with Cephalosporium aphidicola and Fusarium lini, and cytotoxic potential evaluation of its metabolites against certain cancer cell lines. Frontiers in Pharmacology.
Choudhary, M. I., Siddiqui, M., Yousuf, S., (2017). Bio-catalytic structural transformation of anti-cancer steroid, drostanolone enanthate with Cephalosporium aphidicola and Fusarium lini, and cytotoxic potential evaluation of its metabolites against certain cancer cell lines. Frontiers in Pharmacology.